![]() ![]() MAPK can be negatively regulated by serine, threonine and tyrosine phosphatases and dual specificity MAPK-specific phosphatases (MAPKP) that dephosphorylate either or both PTyr and PThr catalytic residues. The module ‘MAPK’ activates downstream kinases, phosphatases and tyrosine phosphoproteins (PTyr), resulting in the required signal responses. The ‘effector’ kinase in the ‘MAPK’ module, is a dual specificity Tyr/Thr kinase, activated by phosphorylation on catalytic Tyr and Thr residues by an upstream STK MAP kinase. MAP kinases are highly conserved signaling molecules that act in modules which share components, enabling pathway interactions. NPBD is a selective antifungal agent with low oral toxicity which would be suitable for local treatment of skin and mucosal infections. The activity profile of NPBD illustrates the functional diversity of fungal tyrosine phosphatases and thiol-based redox active molecules and contributes to the validation of tyrosine phosphatases and redox thiol molecules as related and complementary selective targets for antimicrobial drug development. A comparison of the metabolic activities of Amphotericin B, Miconazole and NPBD highlights the multiple cellular functions of these agents and the complementarity of many mechanisms. A literature review highlights the complexity and interactivity of fungal tyrosine phosphate and redox signaling pathways, their differing metabolic effects in fungal species and identifies some targets for inhibition. It did not induce resistant or drug tolerant strains in major pathogens on long term exposure. NPBD showed differing patterns of dynamic kill rates under different growth conditions for Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus and was rapidly fungicidal for non-replicating vegetative forms and microconidia. NPBD was fungicidal to all species except the dermatophytic fungi, with an activity profile comparable to that of Amphotericin B and Miconazole. Nitropropenyl benzodioxole (NPBD), one of the most active antimicrobial derivatives, shows high activity in MIC assays for phylogenetically diverse saprophytic, commensal and parasitic fungi. Nitroalkenyl benzene derivatives are thiol oxidants and inhibitors of cysteine-based molecules, which show broad biological activity against microorganisms. Identification of new targets and development of new fungicidal drugs are required to augment the effectiveness of current chemotherapy and counter increasing resistance in pathogens. Furthermore transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and XPS results clearly evidenced that APTES provided a better AuNPs immobilization than MPTES as a result of (1) less active functions obtained after MPTES deposition, and (2) the better attaching ability of thiol to the gold surface.Phylogenetically diverse fungal species are an increasing cause of severe disease and mortality. The results confirmed a successful deposition of both functional groups at the topmost surface of the zeolite. The modified zeolite surfaces were characterized using zeta potential measurements diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform (DRIFT) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In this work we studied the grafting of two different functional molecules one having an amine group (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and the second having a thiol group (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTES) on the surface of zeolite using the same wet chemistry method. Immobilization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the surface of zeolite has received a great interest due to ’s unique characteristics and high performance for catalysis.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |